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IOL·September 9, 2026 at 7:57 AM

Sao Tome's colonial plantations, established by Portuguese colonists in the late 19th century, cultivated sugar cane and later cocoa and coffee, according to IOL. The estates first relied on enslaved people and later on contracted labourers who were forced to live and work in harsh conditions. The report frames this history as moving from forced labour toward recognition as living heritage, highlighting the plantations' role in the islands' colonial economy and memory.

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Sao Tomecolonial historyforced labourplantationsheritage

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